Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study and disection of the human body while physcology is the study of how the process and fuctions of the human body work. 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. The chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level. The chemical level includes atoms, cell level includes organelles like mitochondria, tissue level includes smooth muscel, organ levels include things like the bladder, organ system level includes the urinary bladder and kidneys and an organism is the whole thing. 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. Integumentary- it provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and roduces vitamin d precursors. It consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. ii. Skeletal- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. iii. Muscular System- Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscels attached to the skeleton by tendons. iv. Lymphatic- Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. v. Respiratory- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. vi. Digestive- Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. vii. Nervous- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes and intellectual functions. Concists of the brain, spinal coord, nerves and sensory receptors. ix. Endocrine- A maor regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other function. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones. x. Cardiovascular- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in te immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. xi. Urinary- Removes waste products from the b lood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. 4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homestatsis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant enviroment within the body. The graph below represents homestasis because its showing how homestasis is trying to maintain the body tempture and the body tempture is fluxtuates between the set point.
5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.
Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.
8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range?
ii. What are the receptors that detect this change?
iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes?
iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range?
9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?
10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback is when a deviation from the normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater. Negative feedback is maintaining homeostasis by keeping the deviation within a certain set point. Positive feedback leads away from homeostasis.
11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss After blood loss, blood pressure decreases, causing delivery of blood to the heart to be in adequate. ii. Decreased blood pressure The heart pumps less blood, which causes blood pressure to drop even further. iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart The decrease in blood pressure causes less blood delivery to heart, and the heart pumps less blood, which decreases blood pressure. This continues until the pressure is to low to sustain the heart, causing the heart to stop beating, resulting in death.
12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. Birth is an example of beneficial positive feedback. The baby's size causes the uterus to stretch at the end of pregnancy. Contractions of the uterine muscles are stimulated from the stretching of the uterus. The uterine muscles push the baby against the opening of the uterus, stretching it further. The stretching stimulates more contractions that result in more stretching. This cycles ends when the baby is born and the stretching stimulus is eliminated.
Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would stand straight up facing forward and my arms by my side. My palms would be facing straight up as well.
14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? If I had to lay supine, I would have to lay face upward. If I were to lay prone, I would lay face downward.
15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. Serous membranes surround the organs. They are filled with a thin lubricating film of fluid and line the trunk cavities. Visceral membranes are in direct contact with the organ. The Parietal membrane is the outermost layer of the membrane.
16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? The Pericardium
ii. The lungs? Pleura
iii. The abdominal organs? Peritoneum
17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1
D. because negative feedback could not occur without the blood transfusion, and the transfusion stopped positive feedback
ii. #2
Student B because he breathes in more to bring up his oxygen level. Homeostasis is occuring because your body breathes more to bring your oxygen level up to a normal set point.
iii. #3
A) inferior
B) posterior
C) distal
D) lateral
iv. #5
A woman's wedding band should be worn proximal to her engagement ring.
v. #6
The pancreas is in the right and left upper quadrants and the epigastric and left hypogastric regions
The bladder is in the left and right lower quadrants and the hypogastric region.
vii. #9Yes, because the kidneys are retroperitoneal, so if the person is lying on their stomach, then you can remove the kidney from the back,and not cut through the peritonium. Ashley 13-16Tony 1-4Kim 10-12Tyler 5-9
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study and disection of the human body while physcology is the study of how the process and fuctions of the human body work.
2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. The chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level. The chemical level includes atoms, cell level includes organelles like mitochondria, tissue level includes smooth muscel, organ levels include things like the bladder, organ system level includes the urinary bladder and kidneys and an organism is the whole thing.
3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system.
i. Integumentary- it provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and roduces vitamin d precursors. It consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
ii. Skeletal- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
iii. Muscular System- Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscels attached to the skeleton by tendons.
iv. Lymphatic- Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
v. Respiratory- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
vi. Digestive- Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
vii. Nervous- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes and intellectual functions. Concists of the brain, spinal coord, nerves and sensory receptors.
ix. Endocrine- A maor regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other function. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
x. Cardiovascular- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in te immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
xi. Urinary- Removes waste products from the b lood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homestatsis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant enviroment within the body. The graph below represents homestasis because its showing how homestasis is trying to maintain the body tempture and the body tempture is fluxtuates between the set point.
5. What is a negative feedback mechanism?
6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each?
7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.
Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.
8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following:
i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range?
ii. What are the receptors that detect this change?
iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes?
iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range?
9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?
10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback?
Positive feedback is when a deviation from the normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater. Negative feedback is maintaining homeostasis by keeping the deviation within a certain set point. Positive feedback leads away from homeostasis.
11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following:
i. Blood loss
After blood loss, blood pressure decreases, causing delivery of blood to the heart to be in adequate.
ii. Decreased blood pressure
The heart pumps less blood, which causes blood pressure to drop even further.
iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart
The decrease in blood pressure causes less blood delivery to heart, and the heart pumps less blood, which decreases blood pressure. This continues until the pressure is to low to sustain the heart, causing the heart to stop beating, resulting in death.
12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain.
Birth is an example of beneficial positive feedback. The baby's size causes the uterus to stretch at the end of pregnancy. Contractions of the uterine muscles are stimulated from the stretching of the uterus. The uterine muscles push the baby against the opening of the uterus, stretching it further. The stretching stimulates more contractions that result in more stretching. This cycles ends when the baby is born and the stretching stimulus is eliminated.
Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology.
13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe.
I would stand straight up facing forward and my arms by my side. My palms would be facing straight up as well.
14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone?
If I had to lay supine, I would have to lay face upward. If I were to lay prone, I would lay face downward.
15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent.
Serous membranes surround the organs. They are filled with a thin lubricating film of fluid and line the trunk cavities.
Visceral membranes are in direct contact with the organ.
The Parietal membrane is the outermost layer of the membrane.
16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding:
i. The heart? The Pericardium
ii. The lungs? Pleura
iii. The abdominal organs? Peritoneum
17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words)
i. #1
D. because negative feedback could not occur without the blood transfusion, and the transfusion stopped positive feedback
ii. #2
Student B because he breathes in more to bring up his oxygen level. Homeostasis is occuring because your body breathes more to bring your oxygen level up to a normal set point.
iii. #3
A) inferior
B) posterior
C) distal
D) lateral
iv. #5
A woman's wedding band should be worn proximal to her engagement ring.
v. #6
The pancreas is in the right and left upper quadrants and the epigastric and left hypogastric regions
The bladder is in the left and right lower quadrants and the hypogastric region.
vi. #8
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
visceral pleura
lung
visceral pleura
pleura cavity
parietal pleura
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral pericadium
heart
vii. #9Yes, because the kidneys are retroperitoneal, so if the person is lying on their stomach, then you can remove the kidney from the back,and not cut through the peritonium. Ashley 13-16Tony 1-4Kim 10-12Tyler 5-9